![]() ![]() Treatment preferences are related to the method used for treatment and efficacy (Schwartzkopff, Gutermann, Steil, & Müller-Engelmann, 2021). PTSD has several possible treatment pathways. These can lead to considerable social, occupational, and interpersonal dysfunction (Bryant, Friedman, Spiegel, Ursano, & Strain, 2011).įor a person to be diagnosed with PTSD, the symptoms must last for more than a month and cause significant distress or problems in the individual’s daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).Ħ Possible PTSD Treatment Options and Paths The criteria for PTSD are intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and flashbacks of past traumatic events avoidance of reminders of trauma hypervigilance and sleep disturbance (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Genetic research has also suggested a relationship between the development of PTSD and specific genes (Zhao et al., 2017) and receptor proteins (Miller, Wolf, Logue, & Baldwin, 2013). Gender, age at trauma, lower levels of education, lower socioeconomic status, pre-existing trauma, adverse childhood experiences, marital status, poor social support, and initial severity of the reaction to the trauma are some factors (Kroll, 2003 Stein, Walker, & Hazen, 1997 Sareen, 2014). There are several pre-existing individual and societal risk factors associated with PTSD. ![]() PTSD comes with a complex set of symptoms, including somatic, cognitive, affective, and behavioral, that are the effects of psychological trauma (van der Kolk, McFarlane, & Weisaeth, 1996). Nevertheless, higher rates have been found in some populations (Beals et al., 2013) and lower rates in others (Creamer, Burgess, & McFarlane, 2001). Like other mental health conditions, PTSD does not discriminate between age, gender, ethnicity, or culture. PTSD and trauma are closely related and often discussed relative to each other (van der Kolk, 2000). Psychological trauma, including onetime events, multiple occasions, and long-term repeated events, affects everyone differently (Bonanno, 2004). By the age of 16, most people have experienced at least one traumatic event (Copeland, Keeler, Angold, & Costello, 2007). A car accident, robbery, kidnap, torture, brutal attack, rape, witnessing death or a serious injury, war, and natural disaster can be classified as traumatic events (Kessler et al., 2014). Trauma can be overwhelming for a person in psychological terms (Neria, Nandi, & Galea, 2008). In World War II, it was referred to as ‘combat fatigue’ and believed to be related to long deployments (Marlowe, 2001). Mention of the disorder first appeared in The Lancet, with soldiers documented as having various symptoms affecting their nervous system (Myers, 1915). Historically, PTSD was known as ‘shell shock’ in World War I (Myers, 1915). To understand this correlation, we start with a very brief history of PTSD. PTSD and Trauma: A Psychological Explanation A Note on Group Therapy for Clients With PTSD.A Look at Trauma Psychoeducation: 2 Worksheets.2 Helpful Worksheets for Adults & Youth.How to Help Clients With PTSD and Trauma.6 Possible PTSD Treatment Options and Paths.PTSD and Trauma: A Psychological Explanation. ![]()
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